Introduction To Paleobiology And The Fossil Record Pdf Download
Introduction to Paleobiology and the Fossil Record
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Introduction to Paleobiology
and the Fossil Record
Michael J. Benton
University of Bristol, United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland
David A. T. Harper
University of Copenhagen, Denmark
A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication
This edition fi rst published 2009, © 2009 by Michael J. Benton and David A.T. Harper
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Library of Congress Cataloguing-in-Publication Information
Benton, Thousand. J. (Michael J.)
Introduction to paleobiology and the fossil record / Michael J Benton, David A.T. Harper.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and alphabetize.
ISBN 978-one-4051-8646-ix (hardback : alk. newspaper) – ISBN 978-1-4051-4157-4 (pbk. : alk. paper)
1. Evolutionary paleobiology. 2. Paleobiology. 3. Paleontology. I. Harper, D. A. T. II. Title.
QE721.2.E85B46 2008
560–dc22
2008015534
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Set in 11 on 12 pt Sabon by SNP Best-fix Typesetter Ltd, Hong Kong
Printed in Singapore by Markono Print Media Pte Ltd
i 2009
Contents
Total contents vii
Preface xi
1 Paleontology as a science i
2 Fossils in fourth dimension and space 22
3 Taphonomy and the quality of the fossil record 57
iv Paleoecology and paleoclimates 79
5 Macroevolution and the tree of life 116
6 Fossil form and function 137
vii Mass extinctions and biodiversity loss 162
viii The origin of life 183
ix Protists 204
10 Origin of the metazoans 234
11 The basal metazoans: sponges and corals 260
12 Spiralians 1: lophophorates 297
13 Spiralians 2: mollusks 326
xiv Ecdysozoa: arthropods 361
15 Deuterostomes: echinoderms and hemichordates 389
16 Fishes and basal tetrapods 427
17 Dinosaurs and mammals 453
18 Fossil plants 479
xix Trace fossils 509
20 Diversifi cation of life 533
Glossary 554
Appendix 1: Stratigraphic chart 573
Appendix 2: Paleogeographic maps 575
Index 576
A companion resources website for this volume is bachelor at
http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/paleobiology
Preface xi
1 Paleontology as a scientific discipline one
Paleontology in the modernistic world two
Paleontology as a science 3
Steps to understanding ix
Fossils and evolution 12
Paleontology today 13
Review questions twenty
Further reading 20
References 21
2 Fossils in fourth dimension and space 22
Frameworks 23
On the ground: lithostratigraphy 25
Use of fossils: discovery of biostratigraphy 25
Paleobiogeography 41
Fossils in fold belts 48
Review questions 55
Further reading 55
References 55
3 Taphonomy and the quality of the fossil record 57
Fossil preservation 58
Quality of the fossil record 70
Review questions 77
Further reading 77
References 78
4 Paleoecology and paleoclimates 79
Paleoecology 80
Paleoclimates 103
Review questions 113
Further reading 113
References 114
5 Macroevolution and the tree of life 116
Development past natural pick 118
Evolution and the fossil record 120
Full contents
viii FULL CONTENTS
The tree of life 128
Review questions 135
Farther reading 136
References 136
6 Fossil grade and function 137
Growth and course 138
Evolution and development 144
Interpreting the function of fossils 150
Review questions 159
Further reading 160
References 160
7 Mass extinctions and biodiversity loss 162
Mass extinctions 163
The "big fi ve" mass extinction events 169
Extinction then and now 178
Review questions 181
Further reading 181
References 181
eight The origin of life 183
The origin of life 184
Evidence for the origin of life 188
Life diversifi es: eukaryotes 195
Review questions 202
Farther reading 202
References 202
nine Protists 204
Protista: introduction 206
Eukaryotes arrive center stage 207
Protozoa 208
Chromista 226
Review questions 232
Farther reading 233
References 233
10 Origin of the metazoans 234
Origins and classifi cation 235
4 key faunas 241
Soft-bodied invertebrates 256
Review questions 257
Further reading 257
References 257
11 The basal metazoans: sponges and corals 260
Porifera 261
Cnidaria 271
Review questions 296
Farther reading 296
References 296
FULL CONTENTS nine
12 Spiralians 1: lophophorates 297
Brachiopoda 298
Bryozoa 313
Review questions 324
Further reading 324
References 324
xiii Spiralians two: mollusks 326
Mollusks: introduction 327
Early mollusks 327
Class Bivalvia 332
Class Gastropoda 338
Class Cephalopoda 344
Course Scaphopoda 354
Class Rostroconcha 354
Evolutionary trends inside the Mollusca 355
Review questions 360
Further reading 360
References 360
14 Ecdysozoa: arthropods 361
Arthropods: introduction 362
Early arthropod faunas 362
Subphylum Trilobitomorpha 363
Subphylum Chelicerata 375
Subphylum Myriapoda 379
Subphylum Hexapoda 381
Subphylum Crustacea 381
Review questions 387
Further reading 387
References 387
fifteen Deuterostomes: echinoderms and hemichordates 389
Echinoderms 390
Hemichordates 409
Review questions 425
Further reading 425
References 425
16 Fishes and basal tetrapods 427
Origin of the vertebrates 428
Jaws and fi sh evolution 435
Tetrapods 442
Reign of the reptiles 443
Review questions 451
Further reading 451
References 451
17 Dinosaurs and mammals 453
Dinosaurs and their kin 454
Bird evolution 460
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